The aim of the project “PC-HARDWARE ASSEMBLY” is to know the basic
components of a personal computer system. It can name
most of the parts of a mainboard of a personal computer.By this project we can
assemble a PC to the given components.This
project also usefull for making an entrepreneur on computer oriented areas.
Hardware & Software REQUIREMENTS
hardware
required
§
ATX case with SMPS
§
Dual Core Mother
board
§
1 GB RAM
§
250 GB Hard Disk
§
17² LCD / CRT Monitor
§
DVD-RW / CD-RW
Drive
§
3.5² Floppy Drive
§
USB mouse and
Keyboard
§
Sound Card and
Speaker
§
Hp Laser
Printer
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
§
Operating
System :
Windows XP
§
Anti Virus
Program : Avast
§
Application
Software : MS Office- 2007
ACCESSORIES USED
Screw drivers set, Nut & screw, Cotton,
Power cord, Cables, paper, Pliers etc.
Introduction
Suppose we want to assemble /
build a personal computer system, there is a question that we need to answer:
-
What are the
target functions of this system?
Game, office work, photo work, heavy calculation, etc…?
Game, office work, photo work, heavy calculation, etc…?
Different systems require
different components.
We shall learn some of the commonly used components,
and their classifications first. Then we
learn the parts used for connection on a mainboard. Finally, we assem
Basic components used in a computer
There are certain components
which are present in most of the computer system. They are
The basic components may be
classified as
Input
|
Process
|
Output
|
Storage
|
Interface
|
Keyboard, Mouse
|
CPU
|
Monitor
|
RAM, HD
|
VGA card
|
Input unit: Keyboards and Mice
These input units are
classified according to their connector.
The following table shows the commonly used connectors for keyboards and
mice.
Connector
|
Keyboard
|
Mouse
|
Shape
|
PS/2
|
Most widely used
|
Most widely used
|
 |
USB
|
very popular
|
Becoming popular
|
Usually rectangular
|
Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
There are two brands of
CPUs widely used in personal computers.
They are Intel and AMD. We may
regard them as the same product but produced by different companies. The calculation power of the CPU is
proportional to the speed of the CPU.
Speed is measured in MHz and GHz (1 GHz = 1000 MHz).
|
Each company is producing high
end and low end CPUs.
Intel
|
AMD
|
|
High end
|
Pentium IV
|
Athlon
|
Low end
|
Celeron
|
Duron
|
High end CPUs has better
computing power. They are more suitable
for heavy calculations. Photoshop is one
of the suitable applications of the high end CPUs. For word processing, like using Microsoft
word, a low end CPU would usually be good enough.
Output Unit
We shall use a monitor
as the output unit. The detail
specification of the monitor will not be mentioned here.
Printer is another common output unit. This may not be an essential unit.
|
 |
Storage Unit
RAM (Volatile Memory)
RAM is volatile which means
the memory if lost if the machine is switched off. Size of storage is measured in MB. RAM is classified according to the
technology/connection.
Connection
|
I/O speed
|
Remark
|
SDRAM, 168 pin
|
Fast
|
Used in modern system
|
DDR RAM, 184 pin
|
Even faster
|
Mainly Used in modern
system for the Athlon
|
Hard Disk (Non-volatile Memory)
Hard disk storage is
non-volatile which means the memory remains event if the machine is switched
off. We consider the hard disks using
the IDE interface only. The performance
of a hard disk is usually characterized by 3 factors:
·
Size of the Hard
disk: measured in GB. This tells the
storage capacity of the hard disk.
·
Rotational speed
of the hard disk, measure in rpm.
Usually, we use 7200 rpm hard disk (fast). Some system uses 5400 rpm (slower) hard disks.
·
I/O speed of the
cache: ATA 33, ATA 66, ATA100, ATA 133 or SATA 150.
We shall assume that our
target system is a machine that runs Win2k for office work. For this system, barebone system is commonly
used nowadays and the VGA card is usually built into the motherboar
Other important components
Floppy disk drive: Input and output
unit.
CD ROM drive: input unit.
The speed is measure in 1X, 2X, 32X, 40X, 48X.
1X means 150kB per second.
1X means 150kB per second.
|
All the
components mentioned are connected to a main board. Once the motherboard is chosen, the types of
CPU (Intel and AMD), RAM (SDRAM, DDR RAM) are specified. These components are plugged into the
motherboard. Other components are
connected via cables. The motherboard
and the components are put in a case both for storage and for the power supply.
Procedure of Assembling a Computer
§
Open the case
§
Install the power supply
§
Attach the components to the motherboard and
install the motherboard
§
Install internal drives
§
Install drives in external bays
§
Install adapter cards
§
Connect all internal cables
§
Re-attach the side panels and connect external
cables to the computer
§
Boot the computer for the first time
Open the Case
Prepare
the workspace before opening the computer case. There are different methods for opening cases.We have
to follow the user manual or manufacturer's guide lin
Install the Power Supply
Power supply installation
steps include the following:
1.
Insert the power
supply into the case.
2.
Align the holes
in the power supply with the holes in the case.
3.
Secure the power
supply to the case using the proper screws.
Attach Components to the Motherboard
§
CPU on
Motherboard
•
The CPU and motherboard
are sensitive to electrostatic discharge.
•
The CPU is
secured to the socket on the motherboard with a locking assembly.
•
CAUTION: When handling a CPU, do not touch the CPU contacts.
Thermal compound
•
It helps to keep
the CPU cool.
•
To install a used
CPU, clean it and the base of the heat sink with isopropyl alcohol to remove
the old thermal compound.
The Heat Sink/Fan Assembly
is a two-part cooling device.
•
The heat sink
draws heat away from the CP
§
Install RAM
•
RAM provides temporary data storage for the CPU and
should be installed in the motherboard before the motherboard is placed in the
computer case.
The
Motherboard
§
After installing
the previous components the motherboard is now ready to install in the computer
case.
§
Plastic and metal
standoffs are used to mount the motherboard and to prevent it from touching
the metal portions of the case.
Install Internal Drives
§
Drives that are
installed in internal bays are called internal drives.
§
A hard disk drive
(HDD) is an example of an internal drive.
§
HDD installation
steps:
1.
Position the HDD
so that it aligns with the 3.5-inch drive bay.
2.
Insert the HDD
into the drive bay so that the screw holes in the drive line up with the screw
holes in the case.
3.
Secure the HDD to
the case using the proper screws.
Install Drives in External Bays
§ Drives in external bays allow
access to the media without opening the case.
§ Some devices that are installed in
this type of drives are:
•
An
optical drive is a storage device that reads and writes information to
CDs or DVDs.
•
A
floppy disk drive (FDD) is a storage device that reads and writes
information to a floppy disk.
Install Adapter Cards
§ Adapter
cards are installed to add functionality to a computer.
§ Some examples of these adapters are:
•
A
NIC which enables a computer to connect to a network. It uses PCI
and PCIe expansion slots on the motherboard.
•
A
wireless NIC which enables a computer to connect to a wireless network.
Wireless NICs use PCI and PCIe expansion slots on the
motherboard. Some wireless NICs are installed externally with a USB
connector.
•
A
video adapter card is the interface between a computer and a display
monitor. An upgraded video adapter card can provide better graphic capabilities
for games and graphic programs. Video adapter cards use PCI, AGP,
and PCIe expansion slots on the motherboa
§ Power
cables are used to distribute electricity from the power supply to the
motherboard and other components.
§ Data cables transmit data between the
motherboard and storage devices, such as hard drives. Some of examples of this
type of cables are:
•
PATA
cable
•
SATA
cable
•
Floppy
drive data cable
§ Additional cables connect the buttons
and link lights on the front of the computer case to the motherboard.
Complete Physical Installation
§
Now that all the
internal components and the power supply have been installed and connected to
the motherboard, the following tasks should be completed:
•
Re-Attach the
side panels: Most computer cases have
two panels, one on each side. Some computer cases have one three-sided cover
that slides down over the case frame.
•
Connect
External Cables: These cables are
normally connected to the back of the computer. Here are some common external
cable connections: Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, USB, and Ethernet Power.
Connect
the keyboard and the mouse to the P/S 2 ports according to the colors-
Connect the VGA cable (D-shaped head)-
Connect
the power cable to the computer:
Boot Computer for the First Time
§
When the computer
is booted, the basic input/output system (BIOS) will perform a power-on
self test (POST) to check on all of the internal components.
§
The BIOS
contains a setup program used to configure settings for hardware devices. The
configuration data is saved to a special memory chip called a complementary
metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS).
§
POST checks to see that all of the hardware in the
computer is operating correctly. If a device is malfunctioning, an error or a
beep code alerts the technician that there is a problem.
POST ( Power On Self Test )
·
Check the existence
of the hard disks
·
Check the existence
of the CD ROM drives
·
Check the existence
of a floppy drives
·
If the computer
beeps only once, the hardwares are assembled corre
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